Coated ferrous article and method of making the same



' Patented Mar. 23, 1943 COATED rcimous ARTICLE AND METHOD or MAKING THE SAME John S. Thompson, Detroit, Mich., assignor to Parker Rust Proof Company, Detroit, Mich.

'No Drawing; Application May 29, 1940,

Serial No. 337,860

7 2'7 Claims. (Cl. 1486.5)

This invention relates to the field of treatin ferrous surfaces so as to render them resistant to .corrosiom' An object of the invention is to provide a coating on ferrous surfaces, the formation of which coating involves chemical reaction with the surface of the metal so that the coating is substantially integral with the metal, in that there is chemical reaction at the surface of the metal which reaction resultsin a chemically produced bond vwith the coating. Preferably the coating thus formed is itself resistant to corrosion and also serves as a bonding coat for applied coating compositions such as paints, lacquers, enamels and the like. In some cases thecoating is so thin as to be barely visible but yet renders the metallic surface more resistant to corrosion,

especially when covered by an composition. v

In its broader aspects this application is a continuation in part of a co-pending application for applied coating Method of processing metal," Serial-No. 45,792, r

, filed October 19, 1935, by myself and Herman J. Lodeesen, and of a co-pending application for Method and composition for treating metal, Serial No. 97,298,.fi1ed August 21, 1936, by myself and Edwin W. Goodspeed.

Generally speaking, the invention comprises treating ferrous surfaces so as to produce a chemical reaction with the metal, and thereafter applying to the surface, carrying products of the reaction of the first treatment, a solution comprising hexavalent chromium, and drying the second said solution on the surface at an elevated temperature, which for brevity is called baking. The first step may be carried far enough to produce on the surface a sufficient coating to constitute in itself an important corrosion-resistant and bonding coating. In most cases the second.

step is employed before the reaction of the first step with the surface of the metal is more than superficial. In some cases the solution employed in the first step is washed off before the second solution is applied, but in some cases this is not necessary. Where the first solution contains ingredients which may interfere with the action of the second solution, and especially if the second solution is applied by immersion or by a washing action that involves recirculating the solution, a rinse is indicated between the first and second treatment, and such an intermediate rinse can be used Without detriment except where-the first step leaves but a very small amount of the products of its reactionon the surface of the metal, or where a water rinse would remove the products of the first reaction too completely, or where it is helpful to have some of the first solution as well as its products on the surface of the work for reaction with the second solution.

In many cases the first solution will react with the metal surface to give a definite, substantial preliminary bath soluble compounds of metals,

the oxidesor salts of which may be included with compounds of iron to form a coating. For-example, in treating iron, compounds of magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, aluminum, zinc and manganese above iron, of cadmium sometimes classed above and sometimes classed below iron, and cobalt, nickel, tin, lead, bismuth, antimony, arsenic, molybdenum, mercury, silver, etc., below iron may be used. If there are used soluble compounds of metals below iron in the electromotive series, the coating action is accelerated, and in some instances some of these metals may be deposited in metallic'form- Obviously, no compounds should be used which tend to poison the solution. Compatible oxidizing agents expedite the production of most chemical coatings on metal, and may be used where such expediting effect is desired or where an oxide coating is to be produced. Compatible oxidizing agents are those which are soluble in the solution being employed and which do not react with other ingredients of the solution so asto destroy their I effect or so 'as to have their own oxidizing effect destroyed before it is exerted in the reaction which takes place at the surface being treated.

The first step is advantageous for various reasons. Aqueous solutions containing hexavalent chromium, especially in the form of chromic acid,

have a tendency to creep or draw away from the edges and also to leave bare spots on the surface of the metal, especially as the solutions become concentrated during baking. Also, the

combination with the second solution of the products of the first step generally facilitates the hardening of the second solution and the reducvent creepage of the second solution or retards its creepage until baked enough so that creepage is arrested.

The first treatment, as indicated above. may result in a coating essentially oxide, a coating of a metallic deposit, a coating of a salt of iron and additional salts, if desired, or in mixtures of any two or all three of-the types mentioned, and may include sulphides or other ingredients which perform like functions.

- For example, the first step may with any one of the many known phosphate be treatment I coating solutions, or with solutions of organic coating acids, such as described in Patent No.

metal surface as well as the product of the first treatment.

The following examples will serve to illustrate. means by which oxide coats may be produced upon metal. 7

Upon steel, first coatings have been produced by treating the surface of the metal with a solution for two minutes where the solution conof manganese, chromium, magnesium, cobalt, iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, aluminum, mercury, or copper, or nitrate of strontium, barium, or calcium.

Widely different concentrations of solutions .20 tained as its active chemical 2.5% of the nitrates I may be employed and likewise the temperature and time of treatment may be varied, such vari- .ations in the strength of the solution, and the time and temperature of treatment being adjusted to obtain the desired thickness of coating in accordance with the principles stated in connection with the detailed disclosure of the second treatment.

Acid, in addition to that produced by the hydrolysis of the nitrates, accelerates the action, especially with nitrates of the alkaline earth metals, for example, which do not hydrolyze as much as some others.

The above examples produce coatings containing oxides, and which may be called oxide coatings. other etching acids with other oxidizing agents, examples of which need not be multiplied exhaustively, but a few of which may be mentioned to indicate more clearly their nature.

To one gallon of .water is added 20 cc. of 75% ortho-phosphorio acid and 20 grams of sodium chlorate. -When used at 100 F. and sprayed on to the metal to be coated through the use of a me- Similar coatings may be produced by chanical spraying machine this solution is found to coat iron or steel in less than one minute. A small amount of metal other than iron and not above magnesium in the electromotive series, added in the form of a soluble salt, is helpful. Another formula used successfully at 100 F. is 20 cc. of 30% hydrofluoric acid and 20 grams of sodium chlorate in a gallon of water. Hydrofluosilicic acid may be substituted in the same amount in the formula just given. In place of the chlorate other compatible oxidizing agents may be used, such as perchlorates, persulphates, sulphites, nitrites, iodates, periodates, bromates, permanganates, peroxides, quinone and ceric salts, as well the nitrates mentioned above.

The amount of oxidizing agent may be varied to various oxidizing agents may be used. but the above is sumcient to indicate amounts which may be used with success. Instead of phos-' phoric, hydrofluoric or hydrofluosilicic acid, there may be used other etching acids such as sulphuric, hydrochloric, acetic, and citric.

Also, the oxidizing acids thesalts of which are mentioned above may be employed where available in acid form. Oxalic and other acids of the group comprising the dicarboxylic and hydroxydicarboxylic acids of the aliphatic series and carboxylic acids and sulphonic acids of the aromatic series may be used in concentrations and at temperatureswith oxidizing agents so as to produce more or less oxides in the coatings as well as organic salts of the metals. It is immaterial whether the acid is introduced as such or is introduced in a salt and released in the solution.

As will be understood, when phosphoric acid and/or its salts are .used together with oxidizing agents, the presence or proportions of oxides and phosphates in the coat depend upon many conditions including the acidity of the bath, the

strength and concentration of the oxidizing agent, the temperature and time of treatment.

Regardless of whether the first coat is composed of oxides, fluorides, sulphides or organic or inorganic salts of iron, with or without similar compounds of another metal, the coats produced in this way are more readily soluble in a chromic acid or chromate solution than is metallic iron, and as a result such a coating acts to reduce the tendency of the hexavalent chromium solution to creep and facilitates the firm adhesion of the final baked coat to the treated surface.

The above specific examples where the first treatment includes the use of nitrates are given first place because they include some of the earliest uses of this invention, but other acid solutions and other oxidizing agents along the line of the other examples noted have been found equally effective. In oxidizing solutions of this type, sulphurous acid or a sulphite acts as an oxidizing agent and also produces sulphide in the coating. If desired, a sulphide coating alone may be produced by the first treatment, as by using a weak solution, say 0.06%,- of sulphurous acid, for a few seconds.

Normally coatings containing metals below iron in the electromotive series, even where quite substantial, have relatively little resistance to rusting. In fact, iron coated in this way frequently will rust more readily than the bare metal. However, when such a coating is covered with a hexavalent chromium solution dried thereon so as to form a glassy coat thereover, the resistance to bare corrosion is greatly increased and is much more than is obtained by drying the same chromium solution over the bare metal. Some examples of coating solution where the metal below iron in the electromotive series constitutes the chief coating chemical are specified so as to enable anyone to employ this phase of the invention although the list will be understood to be far from exhaustive. The metal below iron in the electromotive series is considered the chief,

coating chemical in the solution where that metal, or its oxide, is the chief ingredient in the coating aside from oxide of iron, even though oxide of iron which comes from oxidation of the surface being treated may constitute a major portion of the coating.

Before treatment the ferrous surface should be .iollowing composition at "room temperature:

cleaned in any suitable manner. It may then be subjected for thirty seconds to a solution of the The following examples illustrate some varia-' tions of the process which have been successfully carried out. Every formula given'is for 2000 cc. of water except where otherwise specified. The treatment was for 30 seconds at room temperature except where otherwise noted.

1. Cobalt nitrate .6H2O grams 5 nitric acid ..cubic'centimeters I 2. Nickel carbonate ..-grams 8 75% phosphoric I acid cubic centimeters '10 3. Potassium antimony tartrate grams l5 70% nitric acid cubic centimeters 100 4. Stannous phosphate grams 5 70% nitric acid cubic centimeterse 50 5. Mercuric nitrate grams 5 70% nitric acid cubic centimeters 40 Treating time seconds 5 6.-Lead nitrate grams 10 10% nitric acid cubic centimeters 20 Treating time seconds 5 7 .Molybdic oxide grams 1 75% phosphoric acid cubic centimeters 20 8. Bismuth nitrateSHzO grams 5 70% nitric acid cubic centimeters 9. Titanium 'dioxide grams 1 Sulphuric acid cubic centimeters" 7.5 Nitric acid do -5 Water do 1000 10. Thallium trichloride grams 1 Sulphuric acid cubic centimeters 5 Nitric acid ;do Treating time, 180 seconds 30 Water cubic centimeters 1000 11. Tungstic oxide grams 1 Sulphuric acid cubic centimeters 5 Water do 1000 Treating time, 200 minutes 1 Other solutionscontainingpxidizing agents are illustrated in the following examples; and have been used successfully by treating for 15 seconds at room temperature:

12. Water Q ;cubic centimeters Itwill be understood thatthe above examples are'by way of illustration and that other acids and other oxidizing agents may be employed I 3 elsewhere recited herein as well as any other compatible oxidizing agents.

It is desirable in many cases to employ for the first step of the processing an acid solution, preferably making use of acids which will not prevent the plating out of at least some part of the metal in the' solution. Oxidizing acidssuch as nitric acid, are of advantage. Where other acids such as phosphoric or sulphuric are employed, it is desirable in some cases to employ an oxidizing agent in the solution, making it possible to obtain the desired results in a shorter time. Mixtures of oxidizing agents, may be used, if desired.

Where oxidizing agents are omitted from the acid solution containing soluble salts of metals below iron in the electromotive series, the coating action is somewhat slower, and the resultant coating contains less oxide of iron.

It is understood that the invention is not limit-' ed to the combinations set forth in the formulae given above, for the various etching acids may be used interchangeably with the various metal accelerators and/or the various oxidizing agents to produce oxide and/or metal coatings, and of course any suitable combinations maybe employed for producing phosphate, oxalate or other salt coatings which may or may not include salts of one or'more metals other than iron.

Where a metal below iron in the electromotive series is relied uponas the chief chemical in forming or expediting the coating, the most advantageous results appear to have been given by soluble compounds of arsenic, bismuth, antimony, molybdenum, lead and tin, andthese are the preferred metals for that purpose.

It is not believed necessary to give detailed examples of solutions for forming. phosphate coatings or coatings of salts of organic acids, as many such are well known. It is necessary merely to point out that the efiect of such solutions should be-reduced by a modified composition, or by a reduction in the time or temperature of treatment, or by some combination of these modifications, so that the coating resulting from the first solution will not be too heavy and prevent the second solution from forming the main coating. Also, in some of the above specific examples for oxide coats, some may produce coatings too heavy' for preferredresults upon some kinds of ferrous surfaces, and when this is the case the coating en'ect promptly and the tendency of the second solution:

to creep is not too great, this remnant of salt,

- although invisible, is suflicient to overcome the tendency to creep and toresult in a better bond between the metal and the dried film of the second solution. Etching is desired, and inhibitors, such as customarily employed for cleaning or pickling.

metal, should be omitted.

While the preferred preliminary treatment is should be baked, preferably at a temperature of within the lists of acids and oxidizing agents 500 F. or above. If the chromium is in the form of chromic acid, there is-a considerable tendency to creep. If the chromium compound is in the sufilciently reactive to overcome the tendency to creep and to bond the final coat to the metal.

During baking, some of the hexavalent chromium is reduced to trivalentchromium. Where desired, the baking time may be somewhat reduced by introducing some trivalent chromium,

such as chromic nitrate, chromic phosphate, or

- chromic sulphate, in, placeoi some of the chromic acid inthe solution. Reaction with the products of the first treatment likewise seems to tend to reduce the drying time, especially'where the products'of such reaction form an appreciable proportion of the final coating.

It has been found advantageous to use a mixture of chromic acid and/or chromic acid salt with phosphoric acid and/ or salts thereof for the second step of the process. A good solution for this purpose is 3% of chromic acid and 6% phosphoric acid, with which a pretreatment is preferred which. gives a visible, though very thin coating. Such a solution bakedat 550 F. for 10 minutes gives good results.

The results of baking are modified by introducing some or all of the P04 in combination with a metal or by otherwise introducing some metal in the first solution as applied. The proportions suggested are, of course, by way of example only, since they may be varied widely while obtaining some of the benefits of the two step combination which is the subject of this invention. While the benefits of the invention may extend beyond that range, they are particularly important where the amount of hexavalent chromium in the solution is such that it substantially inhibits at ordinary room temperature any pickling action of any phosphoric acid present upon the bare metal,

Treatment such as described above produces a thin coating, weighing from gram to 1 /2 grams per square yard of surface depending upon the method ,of application etc. Such a coating is continuous and glassy or non-crystalline in appearance and when the two steps are properly related, .has an adhesion to the metal as great or greater than the cohesion of the coating, sothat bending the metal tends to crack the coat,.

leaving the broken' parts adhering to the metal, instead of loosening the coating entirely from the metal.

If the first treatment produces too heavy a coating, the action of the final solution is likely toconsist chiefly in modification of the first coating, but without materially changing its appear-- ance. Where the first reaction is stopped before it produces too heavy a coat, and the density, time of application and drying of the second solu tion are regulated so that the products of the first reaction constitute only a minor part of the final coat, the desired coat with a glassy appearance will be attained.

It is preferred to employ a solution for the second treatment which will not visibly etch bare metal at room temperature, and it is preferable also that there shall be some chromic acid, .by hydrolysis or otherwise, in this second solution.

.For this reason, if dichromates'are employed without phosphoric acid or some other acidifier, dichromates which hydrolyze to give some free acid should be used. The dichromates of sodium and potassium do not hydrolyze sufiiciently without some additional acidifying agent. The dichromates of ammonium and of the less basic metals decompose or hydrolyze sufiiciently to give preferable when no acidifierexcept a dichromate is used; and some additional acidifier is usually preferred. Where salts of ammonium are included, ammonium is driven off during baking. and if driven off in sufficient quantity may result in sufiicient acidification during the baking process.

In some instances, the first treatment may comprise applying a film of an etching acid and drying some .of the acid on the surface along with the product of its reaction. With such a preliminary treatment, less acid dichromate may be used; but of course this preliminary treatment may be employed also where chromic acid is employed in the second solution. For example, a

film of a phosphoric acid solution may be applied first and allowed to etch the metal to some extent, and may be dried at least partially, if desired, and then the solution of chromic acid may be applied thereover and allowed to react therewith during drying.

While under some circumstances beneficial result may be obtained by drying at room temperature or any degree of raised temperature, a comparatively brief baking temperature at least as high as 550 F. is preferred for commercial work when this is feasible.

A ferrous article coated in this way is provided with a'continuous, glassy coat and an intermeduring baking so as to produce a reaction which would chemically bond it to the metallic iron, but where the two-step Process is followed and there remains some of the product of the first reaction after the second solution has been applied and baked, there may, with propriety, be said to re- .main an intermediate layer bonded on one side to the metal and on the other side to the glassy coat, even though the glassy coat may at some points penetrate the intermediae layer and have some direct bond to the metal.

- By reason of the pretreatment, the final solution wets the surface completely and does not creep during drying, so that the final glassy coat is substantially uniform in thickness.

Metal treated in this way, and having the glassy coating properly baked thereon, not only forms a good base for paint, but has a greatly increased resistance to corrosion during storage and shipment prior to painting. The metal can be bent and drawn to a considerable extent without destroying its paint-holding characteristics, and it can also be welded at a rapid rate.

During fabrication, steel is usually covered with oilor drawing compounds and must be cleaned before the final paint, enamel or lacquer is applied. The cleaning is usually by alkali cleaners. Such cleaning may be employed on metal provided with a properly baked glassy coat. The alkali cleaning is usually followed by a hot water rinse. It has been found that if, following a cleaning in a dilute alkali cleaning solution, the coated metal is given a rinse in a solution containing chromic acid, phosphoric acid, or oxalic acid, the best results are obtained when the painted surface is subjected to a humid atmosphere, in that the tendency of the finish to blister is reduced to a minimum. In cleaning the treated surface with an alkali cleaning solution/care should be taken that the cleaning solution is not within the scope of the above disclosure and of the appended claims.

What I claim is:

1. The method of coating a ferrous surface with an aqueous solutioncontaining a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium and having a tendency to creep when a film thereof is baked on a metal surface, which consists in producing on the metal surface a chemical reaction the product of which is more soluble than is metallic iron in said solution, leaving at least a trace of said products on the surface and thereafter applying to the surface a film of the solution, dissolving at least some of said products in the film,

' baking the film, and regulating the first said reaction and the action of said solution so that not more than a minor part of the total coat consists of unchanged products of the first sa d reaction.

2. The method of coating a ferrous surface with an aqueous solution containing a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium and having a' tendency to creep when a film thereof is baked on a ferrous surface, which consists in produc- 3. A method in accordance with'claim l andin-which the solution is acidulous.

4. A method of coating a ferrous surface with anacidulous solution containing, as its chief essential chemicals, compounds of hexavalent chromium and of P04 which consists in producing on the metal surface a chemical reaction, a product of which is a compound of metal more soluble in said solution than is the metallic iron being coated, leaving on the surface products of said reaction, thereafter applying to the surface a film of the solution, dissolving in the solution a portion of said products, baking the film, and regulating the first said reaction and the action of said soluttion so that not more than a'minor part of the total coat consists of unchanged products of the 1" first said reaction.

5. The method of coating a ferrous surface with an aqueous solution containing a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium as an essential coating-forming chemical, which consists in producing on the metal surface a chemical reaction the product of which is more soluble than is metallic iron in said solution, leaving at least a trace of said products on the surface, and thereafter applying to the surface a film of the solution, dissolving at least some of said products in the film, and heating the film during said reaction and continuing the heat until the film is' dried, and regulating-the first reaction and the density, composition and drying of said solution to produce on the surface a glassy, non-crystal- I line film, and so that not more than a minor part of the total coat consists of unchanged products of the first said reaction.

6. A method in accordance with claim 5 and wherein the hexavalent" chromium compound in the solution issubstantially entirely in the form of a dichromate and in which the products of the first reaction remaining on the work forms a film so thin'as to be not more than barely visible.

'7. A method in accordance with claim 5 and wherein the hexavalent chromium in'the solution is largely in the form of chromic acid and wherein the products of the first reaction remaining on the work at the beginning of the second treatment constitute a thin but readily visible coating.

8 A process which comprises applying to a ferrous surface an aqueous solution containing as its chief coating chemical a metal below iron in the electromotive series, rinsing oif'the excess of the solution, and thereafter applying to the treated surface a solution containing hexavalent chromium and the P04 radical and producing a rust-resistant coating by drying the solution onto the said treated surface, and regulating the steps so that'said rust-resisting coating is greater-in amount than the remaining product of the first said solution.

9. A process which comprises the steps of treating a ferrous surface with an aqueous solution containing as its chief coating chemical a compound of arsenic, removing the excess of said solution, and thereafter applying to the treated surface a solution containing hexavalent chr0- mium and the P04 radical and allowing the said solution to dry upon the treated surface, and regulating said steps so that the coating formed by the second step is greater than the remaining product of'the first step.

10.-A process which comprises applying to a ferrous surface an aqueous solution containing as its chief coating chemical a metal below iron in the electromotive series, and thereafter producing a heavier coating by applying to said treated surface a solution containing hexavalent chromium and the P04 radical and baking said solution upon the said surface, cleaning the surface with an alkali cleaner, and thereafter rinsing said surface witha solution of one of the group consisting of chromic, phosphoric and oxalic acid.

11. A process which comprises applying to a ferrous surface an aqueous solution containing 12. A process which comprises applying to a.

ferrous surface an aqueous solution containing as its chief coating chemical a metal below iron in the electromotive series, and an acid of the group consisting of nitric, phosphoric, sulphuric and hydrochloric, and thereafter applying to said treated surface a solution containing hexavalent chromium and the P04 radical and producing a rust-resistant coating by drying the solution onto thesaid treated surface, and regulating the steps so that said rust-resisting coating is greater-in amount than the remaining product of the first said solution.

13. A process which comprises the steps of treating a ferrous surface with an aqueous solution containing as its chief coating chemicals a an oxidizing agent, and thereafter applying to the treated surface a solution containing hexavalent chromium and the.PO4 radical and producing a coating through which the metal is readilyweldable by drying the solution onto said surface, and regulating said steps so that the coating formed by the second step is greater than the remaining product of the first step. Q

14. A process which comprises the steps of treating a ferrous surface with an aqueous solution containing as its chief coating chemicals a metal of the group consisting of arsenic, bismuth, antimony, molybdenum, lead and tin, and an oxidizing agent of the group consisting of'nitrates, nitrites, chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates, sulphites, persulphates, iodates, periodates, bromates, peroxides, quinone and ceric salts, and thereafter applying to the surface a solution containing hexavalent chromium and the P04 radical and producing a coating through which the metal is readily weldable by drying the last said solution onto said surface, and regulating said steps so' that the coating formed by the second step is greater than the remaining product of the first step.

15. An article having a ferrous surface covered with a substantially uniform, continuous, glassy coat formed by the drying of an aqueous solution containing a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium, and an intermediate layer bound by chemical reaction to the metal on one side and and the glassy coat on the other side, said glassy coating being greater than said intermediate layer.

l6. Anarticle having a ferrous surface covered with a substantially uniform, continuous, glassy coat formed by the drying of an aqueous solution containing a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium, and an intermediate layer bound by chemical reaction'to the metal on one side and the glassy coat on the other side, said intermediate layer comprising oxide of iron, said glassy coating being greater than said intermediate layer.

17. An article having a ferrous surface covered with a substantially uniform, continuous, glassy coat formed by the drying of an aqueous solution containing a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium, and an intermediate layer bound by chemical reaction to the metal on one side and the glassy coat on the other side, said intermediate layercomprising a compound of iron and a compound of another metal not higher than magnesium in the electromotive series, said glassy coating being greater than said intermediate layer.

a 2,814,565 metal below iron in the electromotive series and 18. An article having a ferrous surface covered with a substantially uniform, continuous, glassy coat formed by the drying of an aqueous solution containing a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium, and an intermediate layer bound by chemical reaction to the metal on one side and the glassy coat on the other side, said intermediate layer comprising a compound of a metal below iron in the electromotive series, said glassy coating being greater than said intermediate layer.

19. A weldable article having a ferrous surface covered by a substantially uniform, continuous, glassy coat formed by drying an aqueous solution containing a dissolved compound of hexavalent chromium and P04 as major chemical constituents, and an intermediate'layer bound by chemical reaction to the ferrous metal on one side and to the glassy coat on the other side, said glassy coating being greater than said intermediate layer.

20. An article having a ferrous surface carrying 'an adherent coating comprising arsenic,

' miumin the film.

22. A method in accordance with claim 5 and comprising effecting the first said chemical reactionby an acidulous solution containing an oxidizing agent. r

23. A method in accordance with claim 5 and comprising effecting the first said chemical reaction by an acidulous solution containing an oxidizing agent and a compound of a metal not higher than magnesium in the electromotive series. I

24. A method in accordance with claim 5 and comprising efiecting the first said reaction by an acidulous solution containing a compound of a metal not higher than magnesium in the electromotive series. i 25. An article in accordance with claim 19 and in which the intermediate layer comprises metal of the group consisting of arsenic, bismuth, antimony, molybdenum, lead and tin.

26. An article in accordance with claim 19 and in which the intermediate layer comprises bismuth.

27. An article in accordance with claim 19 and in which the intermediate layer comprises molybdenum.

JOHN S. THOMPSON. 

